Reduced Cycle Spinning Method for the Undecimated Wavelet Transform

[EN] The Undecimated Wavelet Transform is commonly used for signal processing due to its advantages over other wavelet techniques, but it is limited for some applications because of its computational cost. One of the methods utilized for the implementation of the Undecimated Wavelet Transform is the one known as Cycle Spinning. This paper introduces an alternative Cycle Spinning implementation method that divides the computational cost by a factor close to 2. This work develops the mathematical background of the proposed method, shows the block diagrams for its implementation and validates the method by applying it to the denoising of ultrasonic signals. The evaluation of the denoising results shows that the new method produces similar denoising qualities than other Cycle Spinning implementations, with a reduced computational cost.This research was funded by grants number PGC2018-09415-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and TEC2015-71932-REDT.Rodríguez-Hernández, MA. (2019). Reduced Cycle Spinning Method for the Undecimated Wavelet Transform. Sensors. 19(12):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122777S1161912Signal Processing Fourier and Wavelet Representationshttp://www.fourierandwavelets.org/SPFWR_a3.1_2012.pdfZhao, H., Zuo, S., Hou, M., Liu, W., Yu, L., Yang, X., & Deng, W. (2018). A Novel Adaptive Signal Processing Method Based on Enhanced Empirical Wavelet Transform Technology. Sensors, 18(10), 3323. doi:10.3390/s18103323Gradolewski, D., Magenes, G., Johansson, S., & Kulesza, W. (2019). A Wavelet Transform-Based Neural Network Denoising Algorithm for Mobile Phonocardiography. Sensors, 19(4), 957. doi:10.3390/s19040957Shikhsarmast, F., Lyu, T., Liang, X., Zhang, H., & Gulliver, T. (2018). Random-Noise Denoising and Clutter Elimination of Human Respiration Movements Based on an Improved Time Window Selection Algorithm Using Wavelet Transform. Sensors, 19(1), 95. doi:10.3390/s19010095Shensa, M. J. (1992). The discrete wavelet transform: wedding the a trous and Mallat algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 40(10), 2464-2482. doi:10.1109/78.157290Li, M., & Ghosal, S. (2015). Fast Translation Invariant Multiscale Image Denoising. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 24(12), 4876-4887. doi:10.1109/tip.2015.2470601Hazarika, D., Nath, V. K., & Bhuyan, M. (2016). SAR Image Despeckling Based on a Mixture of Gaussian Distributions with Local Parameters and Multiscale Edge Detection in Lapped Transform Domain. Sensing and Imaging, 17(1). doi:10.1007/s11220-016-0141-8Sakhaee, E., & Entezari, A. (2017). Joint Inverse Problems for Signal Reconstruction via Dictionary Splitting. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 24(8), 1203-1207. doi:10.1109/lsp.2017.2701815Ong, F., Uecker, M., Tariq, U., Hsiao, A., Alley, M. T., Vasanawala, S. S., & Lustig, M. (2014). Robust 4D flow denoising using divergence-free wavelet transform. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 73(2), 828-842. doi:10.1002/mrm.25176Rehman, N. ur, Abbas, S. Z., Asif, A., Javed, A., Naveed, K., & Mandic, D. P. (2017). Translation invariant multi-scale signal denoising based on goodness-of-fit tests. Signal Processing, 131, 220-234. doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2016.08.019Mota, H. de O., Vasconcelos, F. H., & de Castro, C. L. (2016). A comparison of cycle spinning versus stationary wavelet transform for the extraction of features of partial discharge signals. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 23(2), 1106-1118. doi:10.1109/tdei.2015.005300Li, D., Wang, Y., Lin, J., Yu, S., & Ji, Y. (2016). Electromagnetic noise reduction in grounded electrical‐source airborne transient electromagnetic signal using a stationarywavelet‐based denoising algorithm. Near Surface Geophysics, 15(2), 163-173. doi:10.3997/1873-0604.2017003San Emeterio, J. L., & Rodriguez-Hernandez, M. A. (2014). Wavelet Cycle Spinning Denoising of NDE Ultrasonic Signals Using a Random Selection of Shifts. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 34(1). doi:10.1007/s10921-014-0270-8Rodriguez-Hernandez, M. A., & Emeterio, J. L. S. (2015). Noise reduction using wavelet cycle spinning: analysis of useful periodicities in the z-transform domain. Signal, Image and Video Processing, 10(3), 519-526. doi:10.1007/s11760-015-0762-8Rodriguez-Hernandez, M. A. (2016). Shift selection influence in partial cycle spinning denoising of biomedical signals. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, 26, 64-68. doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2015.12.002Beylkin, G., Coifman, R., & Rokhlin, V. (1991). Fast wavelet transforms and numerical algorithms I. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 44(2), 141-183. doi:10.1002/cpa.3160440202Beylkin, G. (1992). On the Representation of Operators in Bases of Compactly Supported Wavelets. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 29(6), 1716-1740. doi:10.1137/0729097Donoho, D. L., & Johnstone, I. M. (1994). Ideal spatial adaptation by wavelet shrinkage. Biometrika, 81(3), 425-455. doi:10.1093/biomet/81.3.425Donoho, D. L., & Johnstone, I. M. (1995). Adapting to Unknown Smoothness via Wavelet Shrinkage. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(432), 1200-1224. doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476626Johnstone, I. M., & Silverman, B. W. (1997). Wavelet Threshold Estimators for Data with Correlated Noise. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 59(2), 319-351. doi:10.1111/1467-9868.00071Pardo, E., San Emeterio, J. L., Rodriguez, M. A., & Ramos, A. (2006). Noise reduction in ultrasonic NDT using undecimated wavelet transforms. Ultrasonics, 44, e1063-e1067. doi:10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.101Donoho, D. L. (1995). De-noising by soft-thresholding. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 41(3), 613-627. doi:10.1109/18.382009Lázaro, J. C., San Emeterio, J. L., Ramos, A., & Fernández-Marrón, J. L. (2002). Influence of thresholding procedures in ultrasonic grain noise reduction using wavelets. Ultrasonics, 40(1-8), 263-267. doi:10.1016/s0041-624x(02)00149-xKarpur, P., Shankar, P. M., Rose, J. L., & Newhouse, V. L. (1987). Split spectrum processing: optimizing the processing parameters using minimization. Ultrasonics, 25(4), 204-208. doi:10.1016/0041-624x(87)90034-5Pardo, E., Emeterio, S. J. L., Rodriguez, M. A., & Ramos, A. (2008). Shift Invariant Wavelet Denoising of Ultrasonic Traces. Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 94(5), 685-693. doi:10.3813/aaa.91808

Shift Selection Influence in Partial Cycle Spinning Denoising of Biomedical Signals

Denoising of biomedical signals using wavelet transform is a widely used technique. The use of undecimated wavelet transform (UWT) assures better denoising results but implies a higher complexity than discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Some implementation schemes have been proposed to perform UWT, one of them is Cycle Spinning (CS). CS is performed using the DWT of several circular shifted versions of the signal to analyse. The reduction of the number of shifted versions of the biomedical signal during denoising process used is addressed in the present work. This paper is about a variant of CS with a reduced number of shifts, called Partial Cycle Spinning (PCS), applied to ultrasonic trace denoising. The influence of the choice of PCS shifts in the denoised registers quality is studied. Several shifts selection rules are proposed, compared and evaluated. Denoising results over a set of ultrasonic registers are provided for PCS with different shift selection rules, CS and DWT. The work shows that PCS with the appropriate choice of shifts could be the best option to denoise biomedical ultrasonic traces. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This work was partially supported by Spanish Government MEC Project TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R.Rodríguez-Hernández, MA. (2016). Shift Selection Influence in Partial Cycle Spinning Denoising of Biomedical Signals. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 26:64-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2015.12.002S64682

Noise reduction using wavelet cycle spinning: analysis of useful periodicities in the z-transform domain

Cycle spinning (CS) and a'trous algorithms are different implementations of the undecimated wavelet transform (UWT). Both algorithms can be used for UWT and even though the resulting wavelet coefficients are different, they keep a correspondence. This paper describes an analysis of the CS algorithm performed in the z-transform domain, showing the similarities and differences with the a'trous implementation. CS generates more wavelet coefficients than a'trous, but the number of significative and different coefficients is the same in both cases because of the occurrence of a periodic repetition in CS coefficients. Mathematical expressions for the relationship between CS and a'trous coefficients and for CS coefficient periodicities are provided in the z-transform domain. In some wavelet denoising applications, periodicities (present in the coefficients of the CS procedure) can also be found in the performance measure of the processed signals. In particular, in ultrasonic CS denoising applications, periodicities have been appreciated in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the ultrasonic denoised signals. These periodicities can be used to optimize the number of CS coefficients for an efficient implementation. Two examples showing the periodicities in the SNR are included. A selection of several reduced sets of CS wavelet coefficients has been utilized in the examples, and the SNRs resulting after denoising are analyzed.This work was partially supported by Spanish MCI Project DPI2011-22438 and MEC Project TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R. The translation of this paper was funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.Rodríguez-Hernández, MA.; San Emeterio, JL. (2016). Noise reduction using wavelet cycle spinning: analysis of useful periodicities in the z-transform domain. Signal, Image and Video Processing. 10(3):519-526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-015-0762-8S519526103Daubechies, I.: Ten Lectures on Wavelets. 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SimulCity: Planning Communications in Smart Cities

[EN] Communication networks have become a critical element in the development of smart cities. The information flows generated by thousands of sensors and systems must be managed to assure the adequate guarantees of quality, availability, and security. This paper introduces the SimulCity tool, which assists in the design of a smart city's communications convergent network. SimulCity allows a flexible simulation of different scenarios where multiple heterogeneous sources of human type communications (HTCs) and machine type communications (MTCs) compete for limited bandwidth resources. SimulCity evaluates the impact of new services on the performance of a municipal communications network and, consequently, assists the modification of network values to optimize bandwidth and reduce costs. Several network characteristics can be easily configured in SimulCity, such as the definition of traffic sources, the parametrization of different network mechanisms, access admission control, quality of service (QoS), and traffic in the multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) network. SimulCity was used to simulate different projects in the smart city of Valencia (Spain). Specifically, SimulCity was used to study the impact on the Valencia City Council's communications network of several new services: the solid waste collection supervision, the street lighting management, the control of regulated parking areas, and the upgrade of voice and video communications systems of the city government buildings. The results obtained have allowed the analysis of the impact that these new services have on the existing network and to perform an adequate dimensioning of the future municipal communications network.This work was supported in part by the Spanish Government under Project TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R and Project TEC2015-71932-REDT, and in part by the ITACA Institute Ayudas 2019Rodríguez-Hernández, MA.; Gomez-Sacristan, Á.; Gomez-Cuadrado, D. (2019). SimulCity: Planning Communications in Smart Cities. IEEE Access. 7:46870-46884. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2909322S4687046884

Las implicaciones de la reforma energética para Tabasco

Esta investigación tiene como finalidad aportar elementos de análisis y discusión para la reflexión sobre la temática relacionada con los aspectos socioculturales que genera el petróleo en una entidad petrolera como Tabasco. Así como identificar algunas de las implicaciones positivas o negativas para la economía local y analizar los aciertos y desaciertos que se han generado a partir de la aprobación de reforma energética en el año 2013. En esta entidad, la economía del estado había sido desde el siglo pasado una economía de vocación natural, sin embargo, la explotación intensiva de hidrocarburos desde los años 80s derivado del Boom petrolero trajo como consecuencia la transformación hacia una economía petrolizada. La economía tradicional basada en el sector primario (agricultura, ganadería, pesca y las agroindustrias) pasó a ser una economía altamente petrolizada caracterizada por un proceso de migración del campo hacia la ciudad capital así como de otras entidades del país. Hoy después de 40 años de explotación intensiva de la actividad petrolera los tabasqueños seguimos observando el nulo crecimiento en los sectores primario y secundario en contraste con la evolución del sector terciario gigante. Con las expectativas de la reforma energética aprobada en 2013 se espera que se genere un nuevo "mini" boom petrolero con las consecuencias positivas o negativas para Tabasco que aquí se plantean. El método utilizado en esta investigación es analítico y descriptivo y la metodología es mayormente de tipo cuantitativa mediante un modelo deductivo con el criterio que va de lo general a lo particula

LAS REFORMAS ESTRUCTURALES Y SU EFECTO EN EL DESARROLLO REGIONAL

El presente trabajo tiene la finalidad de analizar los efectos de las principales reformas estructurales aprobadas en el año 2013 e implementadas en nuestro país y sus respectivos efectos en los sectores productivos de las regiones productoras de petróleo. En particular se trata de realizar un análisis de la reforma realizada al sector petrolero para revisar los indicadores económicos que están frenando el desarrollo regional. Las desigualdades sociales en las regiones altamente petrolizadas como Tabasco, Campeche, y Veracruz, se ven reflejadas en los altos indicadores de rezago social, pobreza y marginación de su población que junto con la falta de empleos y oportunidades de trabajo están impactando en las principales actividades económicas de estas entidades. Por ello, consideramos necesario implementar acciones y estrategias regionales que atiendan de manera integral esta problemática de falta de desarrollo económico para mejorar la calidad de vida de sus habitantes de los estados afectados. Las reformas estructurales sobre todo la petrolera han provocado el desplome de la economía de estas regiones petroleras que hoy padecen las peores crisis. Se identificó la problemática mediante la aplicación de un modelo deductivo con el criterio que va de lo general a lo particular. La metodología propuesta para el desarrollo de este trabajo es de tipo cuantitativa y consiste en realizar un análisis de la literatura relacionada con la reforma energética promovida por el Ejecutivo Federal, la consulta de libros, estadísticas y datos históricos de la actividad petrolera en México. Se utilizaron diversas técnicas de recolección de información como la revisión documental de revistas especializadas y medios electrónicos. El método para el desarrollo de la investigación es analítico y descriptivo y la metodología utilizada es de tipo cuantitativa

Intelligent Municipal Heritage Management Service in a Smart City: Telecommunication Traffic Characterizationand Quality of Service

[EN] The monitoring of cultural heritage is becoming common in cities to provide heritage preservation and prevent vandalism. Using sensors and video cameras for this task implies the need to transmit information. In this paper, the teletraffic that cameras and sensors generate is characterized and the transmissions¿ influence on the municipal communications network is evaluated. Then, we propose models for telecommunication traffic sources in an intelligent municipal heritage management service inside a smart sustainable city. The sources were simulated in a smart city scenario to find the proper quality of service (QoS) parameters for the communication network, using Valencia City as background. Specific sensors for intelligent municipal heritage management were selected and four telecommunication traffic sources were modelled according to real-life requirements and sensors datasheet. Different simulations were performed to find the proper CIR (Committed Information Rate) and PIR (Peak Information Rate) values and to study the effects of limited bandwidth networks. Packet loss, throughput, delay, and jitter were used to evaluate the network¿s performance. Consequently, the result was the selection of the minimum values for PIR and CIR that ensured QoS and thus optimized the traffic telecommunication costs associated with an intelligent municipal heritage management service.This work was partially supported by Spanish Government Projects TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R and TEC2015-71932-REDTRodríguez-Hernández, MA.; Jiang, Z.; Gomez-Sacristan, Á.; Pla, V. (2019). Intelligent Municipal Heritage Management Service in a Smart City: Telecommunication Traffic Characterizationand Quality of Service. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (Online). 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8412542S11

Wavelet-based 2D fusing of ultrasonic pulse-echo traces measured from two arrays radiating orthogonal beams

Ultrasonic measurements using orthogonal collimated beams provide both complementary and redundant information about internal parts of pieces or structures being tested, which must be fused. In this paper, a new wavelet-based digital-processing technique which fuses ultrasonic pulse-echo traces obtained from several transducers located in two perpendicularly coupled arrays is proposed. This is applied to accurately visualize the location of a small internal reflector by means of two-dimensional (2D) displays. A-scans are processed in a wavelet domain and fused in a common 2D pattern. A mathematical expression of the resulting 2D signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived, and its accuracy is confirmed using benchmark tests performed with simulated registers and real measurements acquired using a multi-channel laboratory prototype. The measurement system consists of two properly coupled perpendicular arrays comprising four square pulsed transducers and electronic driving circuitry. This technique improves the 2D-SNR by a factor of twice the number of bands. In addition, good reflector location is obtained, since submillimeter 2D resolution is achieved, despite only requiring eight ultrasonic channels. This good performance is confirmed by comparing the new wavelet fusing method with the two previously described techniques. © 2011 IOP Publishing Ltd.This work was supported by the National Plan of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (R&D Project DPI2008-05213).Rodríguez-Hernández, MA.; Ramos, A.; San Emeterio Prieto, JL. (2011). Wavelet-based 2D fusing of ultrasonic pulse-echo traces measured from two arrays radiating orthogonal beams. Measurement Science and Technology. 22(10). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/22/10/105701S221

La Homeopatía: un reto en el tratamiento de la gingivoestomatitis herpética aguda. Homeopaty: A challenge in the treatment of Acute Herpetic gingivostomatitis

Las enfermedades bucales constituyen uno de los problemas de salud más comunes en todo el mundo, siendo la más representativa la Gingivoestomatitis Herpética Aguda (GEHA). Con el objetivo de evaluar la efectividad de los medicamentos homeopáticos en el control de la GEHA, evolución clínica, necesidad de hospitalización y uso de antibióticos, se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal y correlacional a 504 pacientes de edad pediátrica, divididos en dos grupos, uno el grupo estudio, tratado con medicamentos homeopáticos a baja potencia, y el segundo el grupo control, en el cual se empleó también medicación natural (colutorios de Llantén). El estudio fue realizado de Septiembre de 2004 a Enero 2006. Se empleó como método estadístico la media porcentual, test Chi cuadrado y la prueba de comparación K para proporciones de grupos independientes, teniendo como resultado que el grupo de niños mas afectado fue el de 1-5 años y del sexo masculino. Fue estadísticamente significativa la aparición de ulceraciones, sangramiento y dolor. La evolución con el tratamiento homeopático fue estadísticamente significativa (p>1000 E13), para 1-2 días, obteniéndose al cuarto día el 79.5% de curación. Ninguno de los niños estudiados en el período repitió la enfermedad. La conclusión fundamental fue que la homeopatía es un método muy útil en el tratamiento de la gingivoestomatitis herpética aguda. Palabras clave: Estomatitis herpética / homeopatía / llantén /evolución clínica. ABSTRACT Oral diseases constitute one of the most common health problems world wide, being the most representative Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis. Aimed at assessing the effectiveness of homeopathic treatment in the control of this entity, clinical course, necessity of hospital admission and use of antibiotics, a descriptive, prospective, longitudinal and correlational study in 504 pediatric patients was carried out. These patients were divided into two groups: No. 1 study group, treated with low-potency homeopathic medications; No. 2 control group, where natural medications were also used (collutories of plantago major). The study was performed from September 2004 to January 2006, as statistic methods were established percentage mean, Chi square test and comparison K for proportions of independent groups, having as results that the most affected group of children was the group of 1 - 5 years old, prevailing masculine sex. The onset of ulcerations, bleedings and pain was of statistical significanc (p > 1000 E 13), for 1 - 2 days, obtaining at the fourth day 79.5% of curing. None of the children studied during this period repeated the disease. The main conclusion was that homeopathy is a very useful method in the treatment of Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis. Key words: HERPETIC STOMATITIS / HOMEOPATH / PLANTAGO MAJOR / CLINICAL COURSE

Filtering Methods for Efficient Dynamic Access Control in 5G Massive Machine-Type Communication Scenarios

[EN] One of the three main use cases of the fifth generation of mobile networks (5G) is massive machine-type communications (mMTC). The latter refers to the highly synchronized accesses to the cellular base stations from a great number of wireless devices, as a product of the automated exchange of small amounts of data. Clearly, an efficient mMTC is required to support the Internet-of-Things (IoT). Nevertheless, the method to change from idle to connected mode, known as the random access procedure (RAP), of 4G has been directly inherited by 5G, at least, until the first phase of standardization. Research has demonstrated the RAP is inefficient to support mMTC, hence, access control schemes are needed to obtain an adequate performance. In this paper, we compare the benefits of using different filtering methods to configure an access control scheme included in the 5G standards: the access class barring (ACB), according to the intensity of access requests. These filtering methods are a key component of our proposed ACB configuration scheme, which can lead to more than a three-fold increase in the probability of successfully completing the random access procedure under the most typical network configuration and mMTC scenario.This research has been supported in part by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain under Grant TIN2013-47272-C2-1-R and Grant TEC2015-71932-REDT. The research of I. Leyva-Mayorga was partially funded by grant 383936 CONACYT-GEM 2014.Leyva-Mayorga, I.; Rodríguez-Hernández, MA.; Pla, V.; Martínez Bauset, J. (2019). Filtering Methods for Efficient Dynamic Access Control in 5G Massive Machine-Type Communication Scenarios. Electronics. 8(1):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8010027S11881Laya, A., Alonso, L., & Alonso-Zarate, J. (2014). Is the Random Access Channel of LTE and LTE-A Suitable for M2M Communications? A Survey of Alternatives. 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